Rising of OLED

     Unfortunately, I have been stumped on the direction I want to take my application after seeing similar ones fail, but I've been on a huge technology kick just researching a lot about new products that are coming out and how they are changing the future of how we experience things. The most recent thing I've been researching is OLED screens. Nowadays, OLED has become a staple in almost every single field that involves a screen of some sort. Nintendo just recently released their OLED Nintendo Switch. Samsung's latest phones have all included an OLED screen to complete with Apple's Liquid Retina Pro Displays. Even TVs are adopting OLED and evolving it from OLED to QD OLED. 

    




    According to an article by Hong Jae Shin and co., OLED stands for organic light-emitting diodes. This means that each diode or pixel on a screen emits its own light. This differs from regular LED or even mini LED because they require backlight to showcase the colors on the screen. This makes a huge difference because the brightness of the screen becomes reliant on how bright the backlight is and on the other side of the spectrum, it affects how the color black is displayed as well. In LED screens, in order to showcase the color black, the backlight must still be on and this will display a color that is more grey. Referring back to the article by Hong Jae Shin, he explains that in addition to decreasing the MPRT or Moving Picture Response Time, which is typically appreciated in gaming, OLED also turns off the emitting pixels to give output the darkest blacks they can get. 


    This picture is just a slight representation of how OLED and LED differ. As seen, the blacks are much darker and the colors contrast more and do not seem like someone just increase the saturation to the max. 
    
    Even though OLED screens are amazing to look at, they do come with some downsides. One very apparent downside is that due to the OLED's hold-type-display characteristics that come from their active-matrix driving, it can cause motion blur that is more noticeable than on LED. This means that in high speed content or high frame per second games can cause motion blur that is uncomfortable to see. This can be minimized by reducing MPRT to less than 5.7ms which Hong Jae perceives to be the normal person's ability to sense the moving speed of an object.

    Another downside, which is presumably the most that consumers fear, is screen burn in. This basically means that since each pixel is lit up by an individual diode, if there is a color or image that stays on a screen for too long or is repeated too much, it can cause that diode to stay that color or leave traces of that color. This typically happens on phones due to the nature of having on screen controls like a front and back button, which never move unless the user is changing the rotation of their device or watching something in full screen, or the notification bar. Speaking from personal experience, on my OnePlus 7Pro, I received burn in from my OLED screen from the notification bar always being in the same spot and even from my on screen fingerprint reader. From having "Always On Display" on, my fingerprint reader would always be on the screen to prompt me to open my phone. This left pinkish residual images on my phone. It wasn't noticeable at first but once I would open my phone to a white screen, the burn in became very apparent because I could see it clearly. 
    
    The general notion is that OLED burn in is just image retention and could be fixed by constantly changing the colors on the screen if you can catch it early enough but everyone's mileage may vary. It will also differ per use case. It might happen to someone who keeps their phone on all the time and at max brightness way quicker than someone who just uses their device to check messages. On a TV screen, there should not be anything to worry about due to the nature of constantly watching different shows and there is almost never a still image on the screen outside of the UI. A lot of companies are consistently finding new ways to implement anti-burn in technology. For example, on LG's website, they claim they implemented a Screen Saver feature on their devices that will turn on if they detect a still image on the screen. 


    With that being said, there's no doubt that OLED is becoming the standard for displays. It outperforms LED in many categories like response time, color accuracy and contrast, higher nits or brightness, and they are still fairly affordable. It is not hard to find a high quality TV that uses 4K OLED technology for under 600 dollars. Obviously size would affect the price but for the general consumer, it's still relatively affordable and in years to come, will become the staple of all screens.

References

https://sid.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jsid.919

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